Objective To understand the current status of reproductive nurses′ willingness to participate in health science popularization and their actual behavior, and to analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide references for enhancing the health science popularization behavior of this population. Methods By using convenient sampling method, a self-made questionnaire was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 386 reproductive nurses from 31 tertiary grade A hospitals in Shandong Province. Results The willingness of reproductive nurses to participate in health science popularization reached 90.9%, but the actual behavior rate was only 41.5%.Logistic regression analysis showed that, those nurses who were interested in science popularization, believed that engaging in science popularization could have a positive impact on their work and life, and could enhance their social influence, had a stronger willingness to participate in science popularization （all P＜0.05）, while those who were head nurses, interested in science popularization work, believed they were good at writing, speaking, and video shooting skills for science popularization, and whose hospitals or departments provided substantive support for nurses′ participation in health science popularization work, and whose hospitals or departments included science popularization work in the promotion policies for employees′ professional titles, had more actual science popularization behaviors （all P＜0.05）. Conclusion Reproductive nurses′ willingness to participate in science popularization is high, but their actual behavior is low, with a significant intention-behavior gap.Nursing managers can transform the high willingness of reproductive nurses to participate in science popularization into concrete actions through skills training, organizational support, and incentive mechanisms.