Objective To construct a quality evaluation index system for surgical positioning, so as to provide a reference for ensuring patient safety during surgery. Methods Based on the Vincent′s patient safety factors framework, a preliminary quality evaluation index system for surgical positioning was constructed through literature review and focus group discussions. The index system was established after Delphi expert consultation with 15 experts, finally the weight of each indicator was determined by analytic hierarchy process. Results In the two rounds expert consultation, the response rates were both 100%, the expert authority coefficients were 0.947 and 0.953, and the Kendall′s W coefficients were 0.132 and 0.147 (all P＜0.05), respectively.The coefficients of variation for all items ranged from 0.00 to 0.20, and the consistency ratio for all indicator weights were less than 0.1.The final index system consisted of 4 first-level indicators, 8 second-level indicators, and 22 third-level indicators. Conclusion The quality eva-luation index system for surgical position placement, constructed based on the Vincent′s patient safety factors framework, is scientific and reliable.It can be used as a measurement tool to evaluate the quality of surgical positioning and promote its continuous improvement.