Objective To explore the application effect of a training program based on Skinner′s reinforcement theory in catheterized patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Methods A total of 80 catheterized patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control groupby using the random number table method, with 40 patients in each group. The control group received usual health education, while the intervention group additionally received a training program based on Skinner′s reinforcement theory. The scores of peritoneal dialysis-related knowledge and practice, self-management behavior, mastery in life and complications were compared between the two groups at discharge and at different time points after discharge. Results Thirty-eight patients in the control group and 40 patients in the intervention group completed the study. The scores of peritoneal dialysis-related knowledge and practice, mastery in life in the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group at 6 months after discharge; at 3 and 6 months after discharge，the scores of self-management behavior in the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P＜0.05). Within 6 months after discharge, two patients in the intervention group and eight patients in the control group readmitted due to volume overload,and there was significant difference between the two groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion Application of the training program based on Skinner′s reinforcement theory is conducive to enhancing patients′ peritoneal dialysis-related knowledge and practice，improving their self-management behavior and personal mastery, and decreasing the incidence of complications.