Objective To explore the latent profile characteristics of occupational identity and workplace adaptation among nursing interns, and analyze the influencing factors of different latent profiles. Methods A total of 315 nursing interns from the People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were recruited by convenience sampling. In the quantitative phase, we collected data via the generalinformation questionnaire,the Professional Identity Scale, the Workplace Adaptation Scale and the Clinical Stress Perception Scale, and then performed the latent profile analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.In the qualitative phase, 11 nursing interns were selected through stratified purposive sampling for semi-structured interviews, and interpretative phenomenological analysis framework was applied to analyze interview data. Results The score of nursing students′ professional identity was (100.56±13.34), and their workplace adaptation score was (51.70±14.49). Four latent profiles of occupational identity and workplace adaptation were identified:steady progress-oriented group (13.6%), self-exploration group (26.7%), social-driven group (38.4%) and balanced development group (21.3%). Gender, voluntary choice of nursing major, participation in career planning training, relatives engaged in medical work, willingness to pursue further education, experience as group leaders during internship, only-child status and clinical stress perception score exerted significant effects on their latent profiles of occupational identity and workplace adaptation (all P<0.05). Four core themes were extracted from interview transcripts: confirming professional self amid clinical operational stress, value gap and career uncertainty, career choice relying on interpersonal warmth, and positive feedback reinforcing occupational identity. Conclusion Nursing interns′ professional identity and workplace adaptation are at a moderate level and display heterogeneous profiles. The findings suggest nursing administrators could implement targeted educational interventions after identifying different types of nursing interns, so as to improve their occupational identity and workplace adaptation, and help nursing interns develop sound professional values amid a volatile social environment.