Objective To explore the application effect of deep learning model based on knowledge graph in the Nursing Fundamentals and Skills course for higher vocational nursing students, and to provide references for nursing teaching reform. Methods A total of 198 nursing students enrolled in 2024 from the School of Nursing were selected through cluster sampling and divided into an experimental group (n=100) and a control group (n=98) by classes. The control group received traditional teaching, while the experimental group adopted the knowledge graph-based deep learning model. After the course, academic performance was compared between the two groups, and assessments were conducted using the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, the Self-Directed Learning Ability Scale for Nursing Undergraduates, and the Deep Learning Ability Evaluation Scale for Higher Vocational Students. Results The experimental group demonstrated significantly higher scores than the control group in final course achievement, total academic self-efficacy, total self-directed learning ability, and total deep learning ability (all P<0.05). Conclusion The deep learning model based on knowledge graph applied in Nursing Fundamentals and Skills course for higher vocational colleges can effectively improve nursing students′ academic performance, academic self-efficacy, self-directed learning ability and deep learning ability. It is of great significance to promote the digital transformation of nursing education and cultivate high-quality technical and skilled nursing talents.