Objective To synthesize the evidence on the risk factors and preventive strategies for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, and to provide evidence to inform clinical prevention and control practices. Methods A systematic search was conducted in CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP Database, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for studies on CRBSI in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The search covered the period from database inception to December 1, 2025. Data were extracted and analyzed in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodological framework for scoping reviews. Results A total of 18 studies were included, of which 14 reported the incidence of CRBSI among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. In observational studies, the incidence density of CRBSI ranged from 0.78‰ to 13.58‰ catheter-days, whereas intervention studies reported an incidence density ranging from 0 to 1.44‰ catheter-days. The incidence of CRBSI at the patient level ranged from 18.33% to 34.2% in observational studies and from 3.32% to 5.17% in intervention studies. Identified risk factors included demographic characteristics, disease- and clinical status-related factors, catheter-related factors, laboratory indicators, and procedure-related factors. Preventive strategies primarily comprised bundled interventions and risk-stratified prevention and control strategies. Conclusion The incidence of CRBSI among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis varies considerably across studies. The identified risk factors are multidimensional, and preventive strategies have evolved toward comprehensive prevention and control systems. Future multicenter prospective studies are warranted to develop precision intervention strategies tailored to healthcare settings with different levels of medical resources.